Basic principles of classical and statistical thermodynamics pdf 35p. T k represent the temperatures of the subsystems at which the heat. Basic concepts of thermodynamics thermodynamics and energy. S jun 01, 2012 heat engineapplication of second lawthermodynamic 3. As many creationists do, he implies that the existence of life on earth violates the second law of thermodynamics. We can however discern different kinds of energy such as. Thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics in the course of discussions on the first law of thermodynamics we concluded that all kinds of energy are equally useful, none of them is a preferred one, but in the case of isolated system it has to be conserved. Ideal gas law and kinetic theory of gases chapter 20 entropy and the second law of thermodynamics now we to look at temperature, pressure, and internal energy in terms of the motion of molecules and atoms. The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative. Second law of thermodynamics definition of second law of. Counterexamples to 2 have been constructed 7,8, whereas in ref. Irreversibility and the second law of thermodynamics. Choosing a clever system is half the solution of many thermodynamical problems. Jee maths limits iit jee most important questions for jee main 2020 vedantu vedantu math 1,315 watching live now.
Second law of thermodynamics summary duke university. It will demonstrate the application of the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics to a wide variety of processes. The second law of thermodynamics is concerned with the maximum fraction of a quantity of heat that can be converted into work. Hero of alexandria documents many early thermal engines.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat energy cannot transfer from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the addition of energy. There are four laws of thermodynamics, they are zeroth law of thermodynamics first law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics zeroth law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the notion of entropy s, a measure of system disorder messiness u is the quantity of a systems energy, s is the quality of a systems energy. Basic thermodynamics video to text lecture notes 06 nptel free download as pdf file. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics. This section includes extremely refined notes for every lecture given in the course.
In the rst law work and heat are treated on an equivalent basis. For combined system and surroundings, entropy never decreases. Som, department of mechanical engineering, iit kharagpur. The first law of thermodynamics gives no information about direction. The application of first law of thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy u, the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy s. Explore the three laws of thermodynamics thoughtco. Second law of thermodynamics summary heat engines a heat engine is a cyclic device that takes heat in from a hot reservoir, converts some of it to work, and rejects the rest of it to a cold reservoir so that at the end of a cycle it is in the same state and has the same internal energy with which it began. The second law of thermodynamics explains the phenomenon of irreversibility and the increasing entropic trend of nature. The second law of thermodynamics for the free expansion, we have. The second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. Second law of thermodynamics and can be stated as follows. Apr 03, 2016 the application of first law of thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy u, the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy s. Aug 19, 2016 this video tell why second law, discuss about engine cycles, kelvin plank and clausius statements, refrigerator and heat pump and their cops for more explanation refer engineering thermodynamics. This law states consider three bodies namely a, b, c, if a and b are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body c then, the bodies a and b also will.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The theory or a law is called timereversal invariant tri if the classw. The amount of heat transferred depends upon the speed and motion of the atoms or molecules, as they interact with one another. Heat does not flow spontaneously from a colder region to a hotter region, or, equivalently, heat at a given temperature cannot be converted entirely into work. The second law also asserts that energy has a quality. The theory or a law is called timereversal invariant tri if. Nptel, online courses and certification, learn for free. The major interactions that occur in thermodynamics are between the systems and their environments. If youre behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains. Consequently, the entropy of a closed system, or heat energy per unit temperature, increases over time toward some maximum value. It will lay foundation for other chemical engineering courses such as mass transfer,chemical reaction engineering etc. Second law of thermodynamics study gtusysllabus,gtu.
Basic thermodynamics nptel online videos, courses iit. Lecture 14 ideal gas law and terms of the motion of. Chapter 4 thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics. Kelvinplanck statement of the second law it is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work. The entropy of the world increases clausius 1850 thermodynamics paul and tatiana ehrenfest, the conceptual foundation of the statistical approach in mechanics, german edition, teubner, leipzig, 1912. Similar to humanmade machines, living structures are subjected to entropy. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics thlaws05. For the reversible isothermal process, for the gas.
Second law statements the following two statements of the second law of thermodynamics are based on the definitions of the heat engines and heat pumps. If youre seeing this message, it means were having trouble loading external resources on our website. In a theory like classical thermodynamics, in which the state does not contain velocitylike parameters, one may take r to be the identity transformation. The concept of thesecond law ofthermodynamicsapplied to heat engineis equally applicable onthe internal combustionengines used in ourcars, motorcycles,ships, airplanes, etc. Second, the system releases some energy and it works on the environment maybe heating the air around the water, making the air rise. The fi rst law of thermodynamics, that energy is conserved, just ells us what can happen. Factors like load, stresses, motion of the parts, material selection etc. Why it is important to formulate the law for open systems can be illustrated with fig. Learn for free, pay a small fee for exam and get a certificate. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and availbility. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the change.
Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern of engineers. The second law of thermodynamics is commonly referred to as the law of entropy, and it holds that energy becomes less usable over time. O establishing conditions for equilibrium, o provide means for predicting the direction of processes, o second law is useful. To learn more about the laws, check out the law of thermodynamics pdf. Basic thermodynamics video to text lecture notes 06 nptel second. The second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain direction, not. This is why running an air conditioner for a long period of time, costs you money.
A process can occur when and only when it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. Laws of thermodynamics 2nd law of thermodynamics william rankine, 1850s assert that energy has quality and quantity and actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy entropy source at high temp sink at low temp heat engine q in q out w find potential work. Lecture 10 second law of thermodynamics, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, kelvinplanck and clausius stat. Moreover, the validity of thermodynamics for nitesize systems if t is su ciently near. The increase of the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system. Nptel video course aerospace engineering jet aircraft propulsion. O satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take place.
Work and efficiency as motivation for the development of the second law, we examine two types of processes that. What is the best examples of second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, while the quantity, based on the first law, of. The second law of thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time. Introduction to second law of thermodynamics youtube. Nptel provides elearning through online web and video courses various streams. The second law of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The second law of thermodynamics is probably the most important axiom or law of nature in. Limitation of first law the first law of thermodynamic states that a certain energy flow takes place when a system undergoes a process or change of state is possible or not. Lec1 introduction and fundamental concepts lec2 zeroth law and fundamental concepts. Second law of thermodynamics the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy. We will introduce the rst and second law for open systems. Lecture notes thermodynamics of materials materials science. The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, and satisfying the first law does not guarantee that the process will occur.
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